Hourani on Middle Eastern History

Albert Hourani’s article addresses the ideas and approaches that historians use to map the history of Middle East. Hourani explained his own points of view about Middle Eastern history during a joint conference by the British and French Societies of Middle Eastern and Arabic history-studies.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Hourani on Middle Eastern History specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The author uses his personal understanding and impressions to articulate his argument. Furthermore, the speaker refers to his vast experience as a Middle-Eastern history scholar. In the talk, Hourani references several 20th century publications on the history of Middle East. Hourani’s main argument is that several inconsistencies are manifested during the mapping of Middle Eastern history. This paper explores Hourani’s main ideas on how history scholars should approach Middle Eastern historical studies in order not to make false conclusions or mistakes. The scholar points out the methods of viewing Middle Eastern history he considers inappropriate. The author begins his talk by noting the influence both British and French colonial administrations have had on the Middle Eastern history. According to Hourani, these two administrations promoted the culture of extensive historical scholarship in Middle East. Furthermore, Hourani recognizes that the evolution of Middle Eastern history depends on the contributions of various European historians. The speaker states that Middle East is a general term that has several geographical, historical, and religious associations. For instance, Albert Hourani poses the question whether or not these associations could mean that the Middle East is a single historical and geographical unit. After that Hourani explores this question by referencing publications, which address the origins of Islam and other Arab cultures.Advertising Looking for cours ework on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The speaker’s main point is that it is erroneous to address the history of a certain geographical region without considering its association and interaction with other regions and cultures. According to Hourani, it is not possible to consider the history of the geographical area that covers the territory from Nile to Oxus (Middle East) as homogenous. The speaker notes that the history of Middle East is definitely connected to the history of adjacent areas such as northern India and inner Asia. The most significant, prominent and influential time of Middle Eastern history includes the era of the Ottoman Empire. Historians note that the period between the 15th and 18th centuries stands out as the time of dominance for the Arabic culture and its creativity. Hourani argues that the influences of both the Ottoman Empire and Islam are pertinent to the Middle Eastern history. The sp eaker points out that the last congregation of most Middle Eastern countries occurred in the times the Ottoman Empire. During the Ottoman’s rule, several countries became parts of the Empire. Consequently, the Ottoman Empire unified these regions under Islam. Hourani notes that Islam is the last great force that united the Arabic nations into a monolithic linguistic and cultural unit. However, the history of Middle East outside of these three elements should not be ignored due to the prominence of Islam. According to Hourani, any historical work that addresses Middle Eastern development must consider the influences of the Ottoman Empire, Islam, and European colonization. Nevertheless, historians find it difficult to map the history of Middle East in the period between 11th and 15th centuries due to its diversity. Hourani also points out the difficulties of mapping the history of Islam during the last fifty years because most Arabic countries have separated and turned into ind ependent states.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Hourani on Middle Eastern History specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In his talk, Hourani sought to address the different methodologies and strategies that could be used when studying the history of Middle East. According to the speaker, the influences of Islam and the Ottoman Empire should neither be ignored, nor should they be the limiting factors in the study of Middle Eastern History, as this territory is proved to have undergone multiple various influences and tendencies, causing diverse patterns and processes in its development. This coursework on Hourani on Middle Eastern History was written and submitted by user Kailynn Salas to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

organic chem Essays

organic chem Essays organic chem Essay organic chem Essay INTRODUCTION Aliphatic hydrocarbons with 1 double bond between carbons are called alkene. They follow the naming convention of the alkanes except that the suffix -ene is used instead of -ane. From alkene, we can produce alcohol by hydration of alkene. Hydration is a process of adding water directly to the carbon-carbon double bond (C=C). The objective of the experiment is to get the alcohol from the alkene through hydration reaction and to differentiate the physical properties between the alkene and the alcohol. APPARATUS 1 . Goggles 2. Disposable nitrile gloves 3. Beaker (250ml) 4. Measuring cylinder (5ml or 10ml) 2 5. Boiling tubes -2 6. Glass stirring rod CHEMICALS 1. Ice , a few lumps 2. Hex-I-ene (IRRINTANT ,HIGHLY FLAMMABLE) 3. 75% sulphunc acid (CORROSIVE) 1 5ml 4. Distilled water 20ml For distillation 1 . Anhydrous sodium carbonate (IRRITANT) 0. 5g 2. Bromine water, 0. 01 M (HARMFUL at this concentration) Iml 3. Acidified potassium manganate (VI) solution ,about 0. 001M Iml 4. Sodium (HIGH FLAMMABLE,CORROSIVE) a small piece no bigger than 2mm 5. Eye protection 6. Beaker (250 rnl) 7. Separating funnel (250ml) 8. Conical flask (250ml) 9. Filter funnel 10. Filter paper 11. Distillation apparatus,with thermometer (0-200 or 0-250 ) 12. Test-tube rack 13. Test-tubes , with corks 8 14. Forceps 15. Scalpel PROCEDURES PREPARING THE MIXTURE 1. A few lumps of ice and some water was placed in a beaker to make an ice bath. 2. 15 ml of hex-I-ene was measured using a measuring cylinder it was poured into a boiling tube. 3. The hex-I-ene was allowed to cool in the ice bath for about three cylinder. 5. An acid was added to the hex-I-ene slowly while keeping the tube in the ice bath and the mixture was stirred using a glass rod. 6. The mixture was stirred continuously when all the acid has been added until it becomes homogeneous. It took about 5 minutes. 7. The mixture was allowed to stand in the ice bath for another 5 minutes, then an equal volume of cold water was carefully added by using another boiling tube. The mixture separated in two layers. The top layer was impure hexan-2- 01, the lower layer contained mainly sulfuric acid. DISTILLATION OF THE PRODUCT 1. The contents in the boiling tube was tipped into a beaker. Then the contents was poured into a separating funnel, stopper, shake and the contents was allowed to ettle. . The stopper was removed and the lower layer were ran off into a beaker and it was discarded by carefully washed it down the sink with plenty of water. 3. 20 ml of distilled water was added to the separating funnel, stopper and shake. This washed the hexan-2-ol. The stopper was removed and the bottom aqueous layer was ran off then it was discarded. 4. 0. 5 g of anhydrous sodium carbonat e was placed in a 250 ml conical flask. The hexan-2-ol was ran out of the separating funnel into the flask. The flask then was swirled frequently for about twenty minutes until the hexan-2-ol dried. The distillation apparatus was set up. The hexan-2-ol was unloaded as much as possible from the conical flask into the distilling flask and then the rest was filtered into the distilling flask. 6. Distilled. The hexan-2-ol was collected at 1300 and 1600C. Hex-I-ene boiled at much lower temperature, 630C. 7. A few drops of hex-I-ene and hexan-2-ol were used for each test to compare them. RESULTS Hex-I -ene Test reactions Hexa-2-nol Heterogenous is formed (top layer-colorless, bottom layer-yellow color) Bromine water, (Br2) Brown color change to colorless Purple color change to pale yellow Potassium manganate,(KMn04) Purple color change to dark brown No reaction Sodium metal , (Na) More soot Lit splint Less soot DISCUSSION From the experiment, we found that alcohol is produced from the hydration of alkene. Electrophilic addition is a reaction in which two molecules Join together to make a bigger one. Nothing is losing in the process. The overall preparation is: C6H12 *H20 C6H130H The alkyl hydrogensulfate reacts with water to give alcohol and regenerates sulfuric acid. The secondary alcohol hexan-2-ol is formed rather than the primary hexan-l-ol.

Skate America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Skate America - Essay Example Two of the most prevalent online competitors are A1 Skateboards and Element Skateboards. A1 Skateboards uses person marketing, taking it a bit farther with customization options. Skateboards and accessories are also offered by product line or brand, just as with Skate America. Element Skateboards takes a different approach, using event marketing. Information about X-Games dates and locations takes up most of the home page with its severe black and red color scheme. Though this online retailer is listed as a skateboard supplier, the product list and links are difficult to see. Skate America does an excellent job in design, theme and presentation of its web site. Attractive, yet not too busy, the site provides links to brand or professional line products, as well as others. Graphics are pleasant and eye-catching, without distracting viewers. Its red, white and blue scheme works well with the design and fits its short and easily recongnized name. Strengths for this online seller are des ign and appropriate selection of products. Weaknesses are lack of personalization such as the customizable skateboards that A1 Skateboards offers and failure to promote skateboarding and skating, by providing topics or information of interest. Skate America attempts to direct its efforts toward all skateboarders and skaters. While the product and brand offerings are more than adequate, its difficult to determine who the intended audience with its generic feel.

How U.S. States Can better Fix Immigration problem Essay

How U.S. States Can better Fix Immigration problem - Essay Example The Task Force on US Immigration Policy mentions that there is a continuing failure on devising and implementing a functional immigration policy, which could eventually threaten the country’s economy, diplomacy and national security (Council on Foreign Relations 3). Unfortunately, other factors contribute to the prolonging of the problem, such as issues like â€Å"polarized institutions, unfair media coverage, complex public opinion, and difficulties in the administrative implementation of border enforcement and legal justice† (West xiii). In addition, the fact that most policies are hurriedly implemented just to solve the immigration problem quickly does not give enough merit for saying that the current policies are well enough to serve the nearly 12 million illegal immigrants residing in the country. Currently there are four issues that needed to be addressed in order to create possible solutions to the illegal entry of immigrants into the country, and these are: enha nced border security; identifying and tagging all undocumented migrants; addressing the gaps existing in the current United States immigration process; and developing a vigorous guest worker program (Cong. Rec. 2007, pt. 14780). Among the four issues mentioned, there should be greater focus on amending the current existing guest worker programs both on the employers’ side and the workers’ side, since work and income generation are considered to be the primary reasons why there have been a greater number of migrants entering the country. Source of the Problem The large numbers of immigrant workers can be traced to the remaking of the American Immigration Policy enacted in 1965, which enabled immigrants to allow their families to live with them since it was believed that an intact family creates productive and educated citizens (West 23). However this law was unable to foresee potential problems and long-term effects, and it came to terms that even non-immediate family m embers were also included in the immigration processes. Also, other problems became apparent when there were not enough visas to allow other immigrants that could possibly contribute economic and scientific growth such as scientists and business-owners, caused by the influx of extended family members applying for visas (36). Instead of achieving growth and development of industries, liabilities increased since not all family members that immigrated were able to become productive citizens once they entered the country. The problem also increased when numerous migrants tried crossing borders due to conflicts in their home countries that created security problems and financial instabilities. Other issues arose such as some business and farm-owners in the country opting to hire workers that illegally came to the country since they could save much more money by not paying them the minimum wages and withholding other benefits such as social security and health insurance, while still getti ng the work done properly (Kankam-Da-Costa 217). The only possible solution for these problems is to create stringent measures during hiring processes, as well as providing sanctions for employers that would try by-passing current policies in hiring by short-changing both their employers and the government. Proposed Solution to Prevent Increasing Illegal Migrant Workers Currently, U.S has guest worker prog

Hot Wheels Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hot Wheels - Essay Example The Hot Wheels website offers numerous video advertising spots depicting products such as an attacking octopus racetrack, a racetrack that purposely brings cars together to crash, skateboarding figures, a working radar gun and a racing timer. Each of these activities may be equally attractive to girls as they are to boys. Go to any cross country meet and you will find usually more girls running than boys – a fact that indicates girls may be just as interested in toys such as the racing timer to stage their own competitions or the radar gun to clock their speed. BMX and skateboard parks are usually populated with a relatively even mix of female and male participants, yet there isn’t even a hint of them associated with the skateboarding toys. Women are now even able to race in NASCAR. All of the commercials available illustrate that the toys are intended to be used by boys only. In each commercial featuring children, the children are invariably all male. Even in the octopus racetrack, when a crowd of people is shown at the end of the pier, there are no recognizable female figures among the children and adults fleeing the scene. These commercials are so exclusively male that there aren’t even any girls watching the action, such as standing at the sidelines of an impromptu race.

The evolution of Guerilla marketing

The evolution of Guerilla marketing The aim of this research proposal is to critically evaluate how Guerrilla Marketing has evolved to cope with the ever diversifying marketing environment in the current economic recession. This proposal will analyse the effects that the recession has had on Guerrilla Marketing and its applications within the marketing community. The project will deal specifically with the topic of Guerrilla Marketing and how it has evolved to cope with the diversifying marketing environment in the current economic recession, so there must be a series of objectives that will demonstrate how best to achieve the projects aim. Through this research: the effects of the recession on marketing and its trends will be evaluated. the issue of Guerrilla Marketing increasing in its applications naturally over time will be considered Or whether it has increased in correlation to recession and the effects that it has brought to the marketing community will be investigated The extent to which Guerrilla Marketing has or has not replaced existing or more traditional techniques in the current economic climate will be explored. Saunders comments that research objectives are more generally acceptable to the research community as evidence of the researchers clear sense of purpose and direction. (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill 2009) This will be achieved through a demonstration of why the research is important and has to be conducted. The Literature Review will provide an awareness of preceding literature, a critical review of the literature concerning Guerrilla Marketing in the recession and the key issues arising from these works regarding the aim of the proposal. The Research Methodology will identify how best to conduct the research itself, whether it be through primary or secondary research and how best to analyse and interpret the results. The Proposed Time Scale will detail a timetable for conducting all aspects of the research proposal and project. From this it hoped that there will be a better understanding of how the current economic recession has impacted on the evolution of Guerrilla Marketing, whether it has had to evolve at a faster rate in order to combat the ever changing marketing environment and whether possible changes in marketing budgets that companies have available have had a direct impact on this. Through the implementation of the objectives stated previously, this should be an achievable research project. Importance of the Research Jay Conrad Levinson is widely regarded as the father of Guerrilla Marketing. He has written several books on the topic. He is a former Vice President and Creative Director at J. Walter Thompson Advertising and Leo Burnett Advertising. He is also the chairman of Guerrilla Marketing International. Guerrilla Marketing is defined as Tactics available to every small firm to compete with bigger firms by carving out narrow, profitable niches. These tactics include: 1) extreme specialisation, 2) aiming every effort at favourably impressing the customers, 3) providing service that goes beyond the customers expectation, 4) fast response time, 5) quick turnaround of jobs, and 6) working hours that match the customers requirements. (Business Dictionary 2009) With the tough economic climate, companies are increasingly having to use more cost effective marketing techniques to stay ahead of the competition. This research will expand upon Levinsons previous work and relate the applications and evolution of Guerrilla Marketing to a marketing environment in a recession. Significant Prior Research/ Literature Review The review of the literature on significant prior research is crucial when carrying out a research proposal. In this case, it is important to be aware of studies or research that have been carried out previously on the topic of the evolution of Guerrilla Marketing to cope with the ever diversifying marketing environment in the current economic recession. The analysis of the literature will show that people may support or disprove a particular theory or hypothesis. It is essential in the literature review to be critical, as an argument cannot be made if it just supports one standpoint. It must therefore reflect all sides and aspects of the research topic. The choice of literature to be reviewed is extremely important. It is crucial that all the sources referenced are relevant to the topic area and that they are of suitable academic standard. Several sources of previous literature will now be examined. Guerrilla Marketing During Tough Times is written by famed Guerrilla Marketing author Jay Conrad Levinson. The book is directed at business owners. This book has particular importance as it demonstrates the need for Guerrilla Marketing in increasingly tough economic environments. It comments on the need for there to be better creativity in marketing in times when there are stricter restraints on time and budgets for marketing. He comments that the guerrilla lives by different rules during tough economic times than during boom times. The guerrilla attacks when the competition retreats and the attack is concentrated where the guerrilla offers specific service or product advantages. Levinson goes onto say that retreating companies leave a void in the market, which is an ideal niche for guerrilla marketing companies. (Levinson 2006) Levinson further highlights the necessity for distinction and making the marketing unique. This book is of significance due to the importance Levinson places on being able to market in a way that is more cost effective and time sensitive than competitors. This is all made relevant to the increasingly tough economic climate he comments on which is at the heart of this research proposal. Guerrilla Marketing Easy and Inexpensive Strategies for Making Big Profits From Your Small Business is another book from Jay Conrad Levinson. This is a significant piece of literature as it highlights in great detail how Guerrilla Marketing has evolved. The book was published in 2007 and is a seminal piece in the analysis of how Guerrilla Marketing has evolved in the 21st century in relation to traditional marketing methods. The book highlights how in the current economy Guerrilla Marketing combats smarter and more sophisticated competition. (Levinson, Levinson Levinson 2007) It details how to develop a Guerrilla Marketing plan to best deal with competitors. He further highlights the need for innovation and how Guerrilla Marketing has evolved on an ad-hoc basis through various new media such as the internet. This text supports his literature mentioned previously and is central to the aims and objectives of this proposal. Even More Offensive Marketing by Hugh Davidson provides a basis for how marketing strategies have evolved over time. It stresses the need for there to be constant innovation in marketing. Davidson comments that Offensive Marketing requires a dedication to both strategy and planning. (Davidson 1997) This book details how Guerrilla Marketing has evolved out of necessity in order for marketers to be pioneering and ahead of the competition. Although the book makes no direct reference to Guerrilla Marketing, it does provide the foundation for how it has come to play such an important role in current marketing strategies and shows the need for constant innovation in marketing. Ethnography for Marketers is a journal article from Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal. This journal is a significant piece of literature as it describes how marketers have become increasingly more reliant upon Guerrilla Marketing techniques through methods such as Ethnography Marketing. It details how the marketing community is increasingly having to adopt new techniques to cope with an ever changing marketing environment. (Desai 2008) Guerrilla marketing is a journal article written by Andrew Ashwin. It is a relevant source for the proposal as Ashwin highlights the fact that guerrilla marketing is an unconventional approach to marketing and has become increasingly popular over recent years. He highlights the link between it and the fact that there are somewhat limited marketing budgets for companies, particular smaller ones. This will draw upon the evolution of Guerrilla Marketing into the recession. (Ashwin 2006) Guerrilla marketing for information services is a journal article from Guido Baltes and Isabell Leibing. The article describes how Guerrilla Marketing is an unconventional strategy. It details major differences in it from traditional marketing methods, such as cost effectiveness and the applications of Guerrilla Marketing towards information services which as time moves further into the 21st century, becomes increasingly more important. (Baltes, Leibing 2008) The IPA Bellwether Summary 2009 from WARC provides up to third quarter information on marketing budgets for the 300 biggest UK companies, it gives reference to the market break down as well. This is a very good source of information. (Whiteside 2009a) Hairy need not apply is a scholars article from Marketing Research which shows the practical applications of Guerrilla Marketing in the current economic climate. The article gives information on a campaign by Air New Zealand that used a Guerrilla Marketing technique in order to speed up queues at check-in order to reduce the layover time in airports, which would make the airline more cost effective. (Grapentine 2009) In order for the literature review to be comprehensive and critical of all aspects of the aims and objectives, other sources of literature that may conflict or appear critical to the literature already listed must be examined. Essentials of Marketing by Jim Blythe is a book of relevance to this research proposal as it describes the essential aspects of marketing. Blythe goes into detail regarding the marketing environment in which companies operate through methods such as SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) and PEST (Political, Economic, Social and Technological) analysis. (Blythe 2008) This provides a comprehensive account of the factors that may affect or influence which particular style of marketing companies may adopt in light of the economic recession. An example of this would include the Political and Economic effects the recession will have on the evolution or use of Guerrilla Marketing as a marketing strategy. Through the various forms of analysis Blythe can be critical of the evolution of Guerrilla Marketing. Levinsons message behind Guerrilla Marketing is about crushing the potential impact of competition by staying ahead of the competition, yet Blythe comments that there should be more cooperation and not as much fighting between competitors which is contrary to the previous literature from Levinson. Marketing Strategy and Competitive Positioning by Graham Hooley et al. is a book that is not essentially critical of the increasing use of Guerrilla Marketing as a weapon for marketers in the recession, but rather highlights alternative confrontation marketing strategies. The alternative strategies include Frontal Attack, Flanking Attack, Encirclement Attack and Bypass Strategy. (Hooley, Saunders Piercy 2004) This source is of relevance as it serves to demonstrate that Guerrilla Marketing strategies are not the only option for marketers who wish to have a high impact campaign and that there may not be a direct correlation between the evolution of Guerrilla Marketing and the recession. All the literature that has been mentioned is of direct relevance and importance to the research proposal and the aims and objectives of the report. Research Methodology This section of the research proposal is very important as it indicates how the research on the topic (A critical evaluation of how Guerrilla Marketing has evolved to cope with the ever diversifying marketing environment in the current economic recession) will be carried out. The approach adopted to the research focuses on the aims and objectives. The amount and type of data collected and through what means, will be described and its relevance to the topic clarified. The methodology provides the avenue through which results can be analysed and interpreted. Phase 1 The first phase of the methodology is to conduct a literature review. The literature review shows what prior research has or has not been carried out. It shows the extent to which research has been carried out and will help to formulate a structure for the collection and analysis of data, whether it be primary or secondary sources of data. The literature review was carried out previously, there are several seminal pieces of literature that are of specific importance to the research. Levinson has written several books on Guerrilla Marketing. He makes particular reference to the diversifying nature of the marketing environment and how Guerrilla Marketing is used as a method for attracting and keeping customers. Several other sources mentioned highlight the practical application Guerrilla Marketing with particular reference to the effect of recession and the effects it is having upon existing or traditional marketing trends. However in order for the literature review to be objective, sources have been examined that are critical of the standpoints taken by Levinson and other authors in regard to Guerrilla Marketing. The nature of this research will be inductive as it will provide the basis to fulfil the aims and objectives of the research project. The nature of the research topic is such that no clear hypothesis can be made. The data will be collected and examined and patterns will be sought within the data. The inductive approach will allow for the adoption of different research techniques that will enable the research to cater for the restrictions on time, access to information and types of analysis used to interpret the results. (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill 2009) The research onion below can help to show which research strategies will be used and why. (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill 2009) (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill 2009, Saunders, Lewis Thornhill 2009, Levinson, Levinson Levinson 2007) Phase 2 In order to fully understand the research project and make it accurate, the proposal must centre on the questions that need answered and the objectives of the research. The aims and objectives are essentially the research question: The research project will deal specifically with the topic of Guerrilla Marketing and how it has evolved to cope with the diversifying marketing environment in the current economic recession. So in order to fulfil the aim of this project there must be a series of objectives that will demonstrate how best to go about achieving the aims. Through this research an evaluation of the effects of the recession in marketing and its trends will examined. Has Guerrilla Marketing increased in its applications naturally over time? Or has it increased in correlation to recession and the effects that it has brought to the marketing community. The examination of the extent to which Guerrilla Marketing has or has not replaced existing or more traditional techniques in the current economic climate. Therefore the design of the research to be carried out must reflect the type of data that will be collected and how the results will be analysed and interpreted. Extracting the right answers lies in the design approach. (Jankowicz 2005) This research will be an exploratory study of the evaluation of how Guerrilla Marketing has evolved to cope with the ever diversifying marketing environment in the current economic recession. Adams and Schvaneveldt comment that exploratory research can be likened to the activities of the explorer or traveller. The major advantage with such an approach, is that it is flexible and adaptable to change. This research design allows for freedom to change direction in the light of new data or information that may appear. (Adams, Schvaneveldt 1991) Whilst the initial direction of the study may be broad, it will become narrower as the research process continues. Phase 3 The Research Strategy must address the aims and objectives of the proposal. The objectives of the proposal (below) will help to determine what level of secondary data must be analysed and interpreted in order to best show what type of primary data should be collected. Through this research an evaluation of the effects of the recession in marketing and its trends will examined. Has Guerrilla Marketing increased in its applications naturally over time? Or has it increased in correlation to recession and the effects that it has brought to the marketing community. The examination of the extent to which Guerrilla Marketing has or has not replaced existing or more traditional techniques in the current economic climate. In order to fulfil the aims and objectives of this research proposal, (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill 2009) comments that it is prudent to reanalyse data that has already been collected for some other purpose. This data is known as secondary data. Secondary data can include figures, reports and published work. With the nature of this study in relation to the recession, comparative data available from databases will be crucial. Secondary data has many advantages; the data is of high quality i.e. is peer reviewed, it can be comparative and longitudinal thus helping to show possible trends over an extended period of time. (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill 2009) The literature mentioned in the literature review will provide a foundation for the research. Several of the works relate directly to the evolution of Guerrilla Marketing. They are known as Documentary Secondary data. (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill 2009) The opinions and standpoints that scholars and experts take on the area of research play a huge role in the development and refinement of the research. The quality of the data that is analysed will have a huge bearing on the validity of the research. These literary sources will provide information on the evolution of Guerrilla Marketing against traditional marketing techniques. A Keynote report Direct Marketing 2009 is a very useful source of secondary data as it gives a large amount of information on the market size of the marketing industry, what sectors have been affected by the recession, how budgets have been altered and how trends have been affected by the recession. (Keynote 2009) Another Keynote report which is of great value to the research is Direct Marketing Services 2008. It gives the accounts filed for 3 years of marketing companies and agencies up to April 2007. This report will provide a lot of accurate and up to date information on marketing activities leading up to the recession. For companies to be included in the report they must generate 50% of their turnover from activities relating to the report and be of significant size within the industry. (Keynote 2008b) B2B Marketing 2008 from Keynote gives information on marketing trends and how B2B marketing compares to B2C marketing. This report will highlight possible trends that can be drawn from the research. (Keynote 2008a) The IPA Bellwether Report 2009 from WARC provides up to third quarter information on marketing budgets for the 300 biggest UK companies, it gives reference to the market breakdown as well. This is a very good piece of secondary data. This report will help in the drawing of conclusions from the research. (Whiteside 2009a) Recession Marketing again from WARC provides a series of articles on Recession Innovation, Consumer Behaviour, Consumer Recovery, Better Budgeting and Plans for the Downturn. These articles give particular reference to the effects of the recession on marketing trends and the evolution of offensive marketing techniques. (Whiteside 2009b) The collection of secondary data within this study should ultimately lead to the collection of primary data. The collection of primary data will be achieved through interviews. But who will be interviewed, why and what topics will be covered in the interviews relative to the aims and objectives of the research? The importance of the interview is to gather qualitative information on the research topic. A qualitative interview is a term used for unstructured and or semi-structured interviews aimed at gathering qualitative data. Qualitative data is data that does not have a direct numerical value as it has not been quantified. (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill 2009) In order to gather information of the highest validity and reliability, a wide range of interviews will take place. With this in mind, the degree of access to possible interviewees plays a huge role in the interview selection. The sampling strategy for the interviews is very important. It will not be feasible to interview every marketing company within the UK or every company that has used Guerrilla Marketing within the UK. As such, the interview sample will be a non-probability sample. (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill 2009) This is because for the research to be of the highest possible validity and reliability the interviews will not be selected statistically. Since the sample must be reflective of the aims and objectives of the research, it will be a Purposive sample. (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill 2009) Two representatives from the Chartered Institute of Marketing have been contacted and are willing to give interviews. These representatives will give valuable insight into the developing trends within marketing. M2S Consultancy from Portadown will provide valuable insight into the area of B2B planning and marketing in Northern Ireland IAS Smarts is an advertising company that has carried out notable advertising campaigns within the non-profit sector in Northern Ireland A representative from Invest NI from will be able to provide data on the effects of offensive marketing strategies for companies in Northern Ireland and information on possible correlations within marketing in the recession Millward Brown, a marketing company in Northern Ireland that has a contract with Newtownabbey Borough Council, will provide valuable insight into the extent to which Guerrilla Marketing is a feasible marketing strategy for public sector organisations. A representative from The Institute of Practitioners in Advertising can provide valuable insight into whether the applications of Guerrilla Marketing have evolved naturally over time or in correlation to the recession. A representative from Virgin Atlantics marketing department can give information from the aspect of a company that has used Guerrilla Marketing techniques in previous campaigns . The extent to which the campaigns have been a success or failure will be relative to possible turnover figure and quarterly reports. The interviews will be non-standardised and semi-structured in format. (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill 2009) This format will allow for information on a wide a varying topic area to be gathered from participants who have wide ranging areas of expertise and can provide information covering the aims and objectives of the proposal. The semi-structured format will allow for the omission or inclusion of particular topics relative to each interviewee. The qualitative nature of the interviews will provide the ability to probe for in-depth information and gain a better understanding of the research collected previously from the secondary data. For the interviews to yield the best information a pilot of the interviews will be run with two representatives from the Chartered Institute of Marketing and a representative from the Institute of Practitioners in Advertising. From the pilot, feedback will be gathered and possible changes made to interview structures and topic areas covered before the fina l interviews are carried out. The interviews will cover a broad range of topics that are ethical to the research. The topics areas will allow for the interviewees to expand on topics depending on their particular area of expertise. The topics covered will be relative to the aims and objectives. Here is a broad outline of the topics to be covered: The extent of their involvement in marketing Their role within said organisation What the organisations role is The extent of their knowledge of Guerrilla Marketing and its applications Opinions on Guerrilla Marketing in the marketing community The evolution of marketing strategiesnaturally or as a correlation with the restrictions. The extent to which traditional marketing techniques have been replaced by Guerrilla Marketing The longevity of Guerrilla Marketing Strategies The extent to which it has helped said organisation Possible marketing strategies, post-recession The effect the recession has had on said organisation and what marketing strategies have been adopted. From this qualitative research it is hoped that a sufficient amount of data can be gathered, along with the secondary data, that results can be formulated and the aims and objectives of this inductive study can be met. Phase 4 The next phase of the methodology is the analysis and interpretation of the results using the data gathered previously. The structure and nature of the secondary sources is such that, it is hoped possible trends or correlations may appear. This research is based upon qualitative research and although it has no direct numerical value, the data still needs to be interpreted and understood. The first stage is then to transcribe the interviews. The interviews will be audio recorded and then word processed. The nature in which the interviews are going to take place will require that notes are taken on interviewee appearance, attitude and facial expressions when talking about certain topics relative to the study. As the research is following an inductive and exploratory approach it is not necessary to have clearly defined theoretical framework. Instead relationships can be identified between the data and hypothesis developed to test these. Theory emerges from the process of data collection and analysis. (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill 2009) (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill 2009) go on to highlight three main ways of grouping data: Categorisation of meanings The structure of meanings, using narration The condensation of meanings. Using the three types of data processing mentioned earlier along with analytic aids such as summaries or a researchers diary, this should enable the qualitative data to be reliable and valid. From the data there should be a comprehension of the results, an integration of related data drawn from different sources, key or recurring themes should be identified for further exploration, theories should be tested based on these patterns and conclusions drawn from the results gathered. (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill 2009) Timetable In order to conduct the research project to the highest possible standard a timetable for the completion of each stage of the research process is crucial. The timetable has to be realistic considering the amount of work to be completed, the amount of access to data and data processing. Week 1 4th January 2010 (1 week) Formulate Research Idea Week 2 11th February 2010 (1 week) Outline Aims and Objectives of Research Week 3 18th January 2010 (2 weeks) Literature Read Week 4 25th January 2010 Week 5 1st February 2010 (2 weeks) Start writing Literature Review Week 6 8th February 2010 Week 7 15th February 2010 (2 weeks) Collect Secondary and Primary Data Week 8 22nd February 2010 Week 9 1st March 2010 (2 weeks) Write up and Analysis of Data Week 10 8th March 2010 Week 11 15th March 2010 (1 week) Finish and submit draft for feedback Week 12 22nd March 2010 (1 week) Submit finished and corrected project The timetable should provide a rough outline for the completion of the project and will allow enough time to complete each section of the report.

Observation Assignment at a Park Essay -- Descriptive Park Essays Pape

Observation Assignment at a Park Hayden Park was an interesting place for a Freeze-Frame assignment. For those who have not heard of a Freeze-Frame, it is simply sitting in one spot for 15 to 20 minutes observing ones surroundings. So to continue, at first glance, Hayden Park is a typical Valley of the Sun type park. Most of these typical parks have grass, picnic tables, some trees, and usually some sort of sports availability such as a basketball court or soccer field, or both. In addition, the parks also have pleasant surroundings. But Hayden Park is located in South Phoenix, so automatically the typical standard for parks is altered. The surroundings around Hayden Park are far from what most people would consider to be pleasant. From the picnic table where I conducted my Freeze-Frame in Hayden Park I could see a junk yard with hundreds of old cars, a cement plant with loud trucks driving around the noisy machines, and a used car lot with a lot of obnoxious advertising, most of which is in Spanish. There was also a fenced in trailer park and some miscellaneous ...

Volumetric Vinegar Analysis

Experiment 9 and 10: Volumetric/Vinegar Analysis Abstract: The goal of the experiment that was conducted was to figure out both the molar concentration of NaOH and the standard mole ratio of the NaOH solution. In order to find the concentration of the NaOH solution, volumetric analysis was used. In volumetric analysis, a titration mechanism was utilized in order to find the reaction that the base will end up having with KHC8H4O4. , also known as KHP. Phenolphthalein, which is the indicator that was used in this experiment, assisted in figuring out at exactly what point was there neutralization.The indicator turns the solution into a bright pink color once neutralization has occurred. In experiment 10, the average molarity of NaOH that was found in experiment nine was used in order to find out if the vinegar that was being used in the experiment contained around the same percent mass of acetic acid that is found in regular vinegar. The experimental value of NaOH that was used was 1. 0 425 grams and the molarity of NaOH was found to be 0. 089 m/L of NaOH. Towards the conclusion of the experiment, the average percent mass of acetic acid was calculated and found to be 1. 695%.Regular house hold vinegar’s average percent mass of acetic acid usually ranges to 4-5%. Based on the percent mass of acetic acid obtained in the experiment, the vinegar that was used in experiment 10 was clearly not house hold vinegar. The hypothesis for this experiment was, if the average percent mass of acetic acid ranged between 4-5%, then it is house hold vinegar. However, due to the results from the experiments conducted, this hypothesis was rejected. In order to obtain the results that the groups were searching for, titration was used in both experiments to find the answer.The method of titration involves the measurement of KHP and NaOH. Afterwards, the volumetric analysis was used, with the indicator included. The experiment starts by finding the measurements of KHP. The indicato r was added later on, and then the titration began with the NaOH solution. It was apparent once the solution was neutralized because the indicator caused the solution to turn bright pink. The experiment also required the utilization of volumetric mass in order to find the percent mass of acetic acid in vinegar.The mass of vinegar is then titrated along with the indicator endpoint with the sodium hydroxide solution. In order to find the average acetic percent mass of vinegar, the concentration found in NaOH in experiment 9 was utilized together with the known volume of NaOH. Materials: Please refer to Experiment 9 and 10 on pages 127-136 and 137-142, of Laboratory Manual for Principles of General chemistry 9th Edition by J. A. Beran. The only deviation that was performed during this experiment was the two to three extra drops of the indicator phenolphthalein in order to distinguish a titration point.Results: Experiment 9: Data: |Table 1: Measurement |Trial 1 |Trial 2 | |Mass of KHC8H 4O4. (g) |. 509 g |. 501 g | |Buret Reading of NaOH (mL) |28. 3 mL |26. 7 mL | Table 1 shows the measurements recorded for experiment 9, volumetric analysis Table 2: Calculations |Trial 1 |Trial 2 | |Moles of KHC8H4O4 (mol) |. 000303 |. 0002485 | |Volume of NaOH Dispensed (L) |. 0034 |. 0032 | |Molar Concentration of NaOH (mol/L) |. 089 |. 089 | Table 2 shows the calculations derived from experiment 9, volumetric analysis Calculations:Moles of KHC8H4O4 x 1 mol KHC8H4O4/ Molar Mass KHC8H4O4: 0. 089 m/L NaOH x 0. 0034 L= . 000303 moles NaOH 0. 089 m/L NaOH x 0. 0032 L= 0. 0002485 NaOH Volume of NaOH Dispensed (mL): Buret Reading of NaOH= 28. 3 mL, 26. 7 mL Molar Concentration Concentration of NaOH: 2. 45 x 10 -3 mol OH-/. 0275 L NaOH = 0. 089 M/L NaOH Results: Experiment 10 |Table 3: Measurement |Trial 1 |Trial 2 | |Mass of Vinegar (g) |1. 048 g |1. 37 g | |Buret Reading of NaOH (mL) |3. 4 mL |3. 2 mL | Table 3 shows the measurements recorded for experiment 10, vinegar analysis |Table 4: Calculations |Trial 1 |Trial 2 | |Volume of NaOH Used (mL)(L) |3. 4(. 0034) |3. 2(. 0032) | |Molar Concentration of NaOH (mol/L) (given) |0. 089 |0. 89 | |Molar Mass of Acetic Acid (g/mol) |. 0182 |. 0171 | |Mass of Acetic Acid in Vinegar (g) |1. 048 g |1. 037 g | |Avg. Percent Mass of Acetic Acid in Vinegar (%) |1. 695% | | Table 4 shows the calculations derived from experiment 10, vinegar analysis. Calculations: 1. Molar Concentration of NaOH (mol/L) Given (. M Solution) 2. Mass of Acetic Acid in Vinegar (g): Moles of Acetic Acid (mol) x Molar Mass of Acetic Acid (g/mol): 3. 026 x 10 -4moles of acetic acid x 60. 05 g/mol= . 0182 g 2. 848 x 10 -4moles of acetic acid x 60. 05 g/mol= . 0171 g 3. Avg. Percent Mass of Acid in Vinegar (%): 1. 65%+1. 74%/2= 1. 695% Discussion: The experiment began by adding NaOH to the mixture of deionized water and KHP in the beaker. The H+ ion that is found in KHP, reacted to the OH- ions that are found in the NaOH solution, even as more of the Na OH continued to be added into the mixture.When there turned out to be an abundance of NaOH, there were no longer any H+ to be added to KHP. As a solution, the extra OH-ions were found in the NaOH solution was used to make the indicator activate and make the solution turn pink. It was imperative that the solution be mixed the correct way. If it was not mixed the correct way, the results from the experiment will be inaccurate. If the reading had proven to be inaccurate because of that mistake, the volume of the NaOH solution mixed with the KHP will eventually get neutralized to a point where the numbers in the results would be very off.Two trials were done in this experiment in order to ensure that that mistake never happened and the volume of NaOH was found. Once the solution had finally been able to neutralize, the moles of the KHP were found and ended up being equal to the moles of NaOH. This information allowed for the molarity to be found. The average molarity that was in NaOH ha d been found in experiment 9, it was . 089 M. Both experiments 9 and 10 seemed to have similar traits because both of them involved titration. The titration was used in order to find the number of moles that was found in the acetic acid of the vinegar solution that was used.The normal amount of acetic acid found in household vinegar is between 4-5%. The experiments helped determine that household vinegar was definitely not the vinegar that was being used since the acetic amount that was found was 1. 695%. Conclusion The hypothesis was proven in the first experiment because the base of NaOH did end up neutralizing KHP’s acids. The indicator turned the solution pink; therefore the hypothesis in the first experiment was not rejected. The experiment involving the molarity of NaOH was very close in numbers. The molarity that was given was . 1 M, and the molarity that was found in the experiment was . 89 M. The hypothesis for the second experiment was â€Å"If the average percent mass of acetic acid ranged between 4-5%, then the vinegar that was being used for the experiment was household vinegar. † However, since the average percent mass of acetic acid resulted as 1. 695%, which was lower than household vinegar; this caused the hypothesis to be rejected. Works Cited Beran, Jo A. Laboratory Manual for Principles of General Chemistry. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2011. Print. Tro, Nivaldo J. Principles of Chemistry: A Molecular Approach. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2010. Print. Volumetric Vinegar Analysis Experiment 9 and 10: Volumetric/Vinegar Analysis Abstract: The goal of the experiment that was conducted was to figure out both the molar concentration of NaOH and the standard mole ratio of the NaOH solution. In order to find the concentration of the NaOH solution, volumetric analysis was used. In volumetric analysis, a titration mechanism was utilized in order to find the reaction that the base will end up having with KHC8H4O4. , also known as KHP. Phenolphthalein, which is the indicator that was used in this experiment, assisted in figuring out at exactly what point was there neutralization.The indicator turns the solution into a bright pink color once neutralization has occurred. In experiment 10, the average molarity of NaOH that was found in experiment nine was used in order to find out if the vinegar that was being used in the experiment contained around the same percent mass of acetic acid that is found in regular vinegar. The experimental value of NaOH that was used was 1. 0 425 grams and the molarity of NaOH was found to be 0. 089 m/L of NaOH. Towards the conclusion of the experiment, the average percent mass of acetic acid was calculated and found to be 1. 695%.Regular house hold vinegar’s average percent mass of acetic acid usually ranges to 4-5%. Based on the percent mass of acetic acid obtained in the experiment, the vinegar that was used in experiment 10 was clearly not house hold vinegar. The hypothesis for this experiment was, if the average percent mass of acetic acid ranged between 4-5%, then it is house hold vinegar. However, due to the results from the experiments conducted, this hypothesis was rejected. In order to obtain the results that the groups were searching for, titration was used in both experiments to find the answer.The method of titration involves the measurement of KHP and NaOH. Afterwards, the volumetric analysis was used, with the indicator included. The experiment starts by finding the measurements of KHP. The indicato r was added later on, and then the titration began with the NaOH solution. It was apparent once the solution was neutralized because the indicator caused the solution to turn bright pink. The experiment also required the utilization of volumetric mass in order to find the percent mass of acetic acid in vinegar.The mass of vinegar is then titrated along with the indicator endpoint with the sodium hydroxide solution. In order to find the average acetic percent mass of vinegar, the concentration found in NaOH in experiment 9 was utilized together with the known volume of NaOH. Materials: Please refer to Experiment 9 and 10 on pages 127-136 and 137-142, of Laboratory Manual for Principles of General chemistry 9th Edition by J. A. Beran. The only deviation that was performed during this experiment was the two to three extra drops of the indicator phenolphthalein in order to distinguish a titration point.Results: Experiment 9: Data: |Table 1: Measurement |Trial 1 |Trial 2 | |Mass of KHC8H 4O4. (g) |. 509 g |. 501 g | |Buret Reading of NaOH (mL) |28. 3 mL |26. 7 mL | Table 1 shows the measurements recorded for experiment 9, volumetric analysis Table 2: Calculations |Trial 1 |Trial 2 | |Moles of KHC8H4O4 (mol) |. 000303 |. 0002485 | |Volume of NaOH Dispensed (L) |. 0034 |. 0032 | |Molar Concentration of NaOH (mol/L) |. 089 |. 089 | Table 2 shows the calculations derived from experiment 9, volumetric analysis Calculations:Moles of KHC8H4O4 x 1 mol KHC8H4O4/ Molar Mass KHC8H4O4: 0. 089 m/L NaOH x 0. 0034 L= . 000303 moles NaOH 0. 089 m/L NaOH x 0. 0032 L= 0. 0002485 NaOH Volume of NaOH Dispensed (mL): Buret Reading of NaOH= 28. 3 mL, 26. 7 mL Molar Concentration Concentration of NaOH: 2. 45 x 10 -3 mol OH-/. 0275 L NaOH = 0. 089 M/L NaOH Results: Experiment 10 |Table 3: Measurement |Trial 1 |Trial 2 | |Mass of Vinegar (g) |1. 048 g |1. 37 g | |Buret Reading of NaOH (mL) |3. 4 mL |3. 2 mL | Table 3 shows the measurements recorded for experiment 10, vinegar analysis |Table 4: Calculations |Trial 1 |Trial 2 | |Volume of NaOH Used (mL)(L) |3. 4(. 0034) |3. 2(. 0032) | |Molar Concentration of NaOH (mol/L) (given) |0. 089 |0. 89 | |Molar Mass of Acetic Acid (g/mol) |. 0182 |. 0171 | |Mass of Acetic Acid in Vinegar (g) |1. 048 g |1. 037 g | |Avg. Percent Mass of Acetic Acid in Vinegar (%) |1. 695% | | Table 4 shows the calculations derived from experiment 10, vinegar analysis. Calculations: 1. Molar Concentration of NaOH (mol/L) Given (. M Solution) 2. Mass of Acetic Acid in Vinegar (g): Moles of Acetic Acid (mol) x Molar Mass of Acetic Acid (g/mol): 3. 026 x 10 -4moles of acetic acid x 60. 05 g/mol= . 0182 g 2. 848 x 10 -4moles of acetic acid x 60. 05 g/mol= . 0171 g 3. Avg. Percent Mass of Acid in Vinegar (%): 1. 65%+1. 74%/2= 1. 695% Discussion: The experiment began by adding NaOH to the mixture of deionized water and KHP in the beaker. The H+ ion that is found in KHP, reacted to the OH- ions that are found in the NaOH solution, even as more of the Na OH continued to be added into the mixture.When there turned out to be an abundance of NaOH, there were no longer any H+ to be added to KHP. As a solution, the extra OH-ions were found in the NaOH solution was used to make the indicator activate and make the solution turn pink. It was imperative that the solution be mixed the correct way. If it was not mixed the correct way, the results from the experiment will be inaccurate. If the reading had proven to be inaccurate because of that mistake, the volume of the NaOH solution mixed with the KHP will eventually get neutralized to a point where the numbers in the results would be very off.Two trials were done in this experiment in order to ensure that that mistake never happened and the volume of NaOH was found. Once the solution had finally been able to neutralize, the moles of the KHP were found and ended up being equal to the moles of NaOH. This information allowed for the molarity to be found. The average molarity that was in NaOH ha d been found in experiment 9, it was . 089 M. Both experiments 9 and 10 seemed to have similar traits because both of them involved titration. The titration was used in order to find the number of moles that was found in the acetic acid of the vinegar solution that was used.The normal amount of acetic acid found in household vinegar is between 4-5%. The experiments helped determine that household vinegar was definitely not the vinegar that was being used since the acetic amount that was found was 1. 695%. Conclusion The hypothesis was proven in the first experiment because the base of NaOH did end up neutralizing KHP’s acids. The indicator turned the solution pink; therefore the hypothesis in the first experiment was not rejected. The experiment involving the molarity of NaOH was very close in numbers. The molarity that was given was . 1 M, and the molarity that was found in the experiment was . 89 M. The hypothesis for the second experiment was â€Å"If the average percent mass of acetic acid ranged between 4-5%, then the vinegar that was being used for the experiment was household vinegar. † However, since the average percent mass of acetic acid resulted as 1. 695%, which was lower than household vinegar; this caused the hypothesis to be rejected. Works Cited Beran, Jo A. Laboratory Manual for Principles of General Chemistry. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2011. Print. Tro, Nivaldo J. Principles of Chemistry: A Molecular Approach. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2010. Print.

AP US History DBQ Articles of Confederation... essays

AP US History DBQ Articles of Confederation... essays An effective government is one that will responsibly carry out and defend the wishes and rights of the people, while keeping the country stable and strong. Between the years of 1781 and 1789 the Articles of Confederation failed to provide the United States with an effective government. The country was no in a stable state, economically, politically, or defensively. Under The Articles of Confederation the government could not levy taxes which added to a huge economic problem. The Articles also tried to limit the power of the central government and instead gave it to the states which turned out to be a completely unrealistic approach to creating a stable nation. However possibly the biggest weakness under The Articles of Confederation was the lack of defense. The American economy decreased significantly when the Articles of Confederation were ratified in 1781. (Doc B) This was because the Articles of Confederation did not grant the central government the power to regulate trade or tax. Instead taxation was left to the individual states. The states, having been granted power under The Articles of Confederation decided they would not pay. The citizens of the few states that did institute a tax to help pay the enormous debt of the war felt out of touch with their tax. Most did not know the current situation of the government nor did they care to and they did not know why they were being taxed. Instead they felt they were being taxed unfairly. This led to uprisings such as Shays Rebellion which threatened the government severely. The government also lacked the power to regulate trade. To one proposed tariff, the Rhode Island Assembly to Congress responded (Doc. A), [B]y granting to Congress a power to collect moneys from the commerce of the se states...is repugnant to the liberty of the United States. Rhode Island felt that this tax was not in the interest of the people and it also thought ...

File Your Canadian Income Taxes Online with NETFILE

File Your Canadian Income Taxes Online with NETFILE NETFILE is an electronic tax-filing service that allows you to send your individual income tax and benefit return directly to the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) using the Internet  and a NETFILE-certified software product. To file your Canadian income taxes online, you first have to prepare your tax return using a commercial tax preparation desktop software package, a Web application or a product for an Apple or Android mobile device. These products must be certified for NETFILE. When you file your taxes online, youll get an immediate confirmation that your return has been received. If youve made arrangements for direct deposit and the Canada Revenue Agency owes you a refund on your income taxes, you should get a faster refund than if you file on paper, possibly within two weeks. However, its not quite as simple as hitting the send button on your email program, so leave some time to get prepared and to get comfortable with the system. Eligibility to File Taxes Online Although most income tax returns can be filed online, there are some restrictions. For example, you cannot use NETFILE to file a return for a year before 2013, if you are a non-resident of Canada, if your Social Insurance Number or individual tax number begins with 09  or if you went bankrupt during the preceding two years. There are quite a few other specific restrictions, so be sure to check the full restrictions list before you begin. Software to File Taxes Online To file your tax return online, you must prepare your income tax form using software or a Web application certified by the CRA for the current tax year. The CRA tests and certifies software between December and March, so it is usually at least late January before a commercial tax software package or Web application is put on the approved list of certified software. Be sure the software you plan to use is certified for the current tax year. If you purchase or download your income tax software before it is certified by the CRA for use with NETFILE, you may have to download a patch from the software vendor. Some software certified for use with NETFILE is free for individuals. Check the list of certified software and the vendors site for specific details. Identification for NETFILE Your current address must be on file with the CRA before you send your income tax return by NETFILE. Heres how to change your address with the CRA. You wont be able to do it through NETFILE. You will need to provide your Social Insurance Number and date of birth when you file. You need to provide the location of your .tax file containing your tax return that you prepared using NETFILE-certified tax preparation software or Web application. If you have concerns about the security of your personal and financial information when using NETFILE, you should check the ​NETFILE Security page from the CRA. NETFILE Confirmation Number As soon as you send your income tax return online, the CRA does a very quick preliminary check of your return (usually in minutes) and sends you a confirmation number telling you that your return has been received and accepted. Keep the confirmation number. Tax Information Slips, Receipts, and Documents Keep all the tax information slips, receipts and documents you use to prepare your income tax return. You do not need to send them to the CRA unless the agency asks to see them. Be sure to include your telephone number on your income tax return so the CRA can contact you quickly. Your notice of assessment and tax refund may be delayed if the CRA has to contact you. Getting Help With NETFILE For help using NETFILE, consult the CRAs Online Help. The Frequently Asked Questions may also be useful. Remember, if you run into problems, you can still file the old-fashioned way- by getting a paper income tax package, filling in the paper form, attaching the schedules and receipts, and getting it to the post office in time to be postmarked by the deadline.

Contemporary Issues in HR Service Delivery Essay

Contemporary Issues in HR Service Delivery - Essay Example Most recent articles have argued that HR management can be a critical source of competitive advantage if it becomes strategic. The paper explores the strategic function of HR and the core practices and outlines outcomes of HR practices. Ulrich’s model avails new opportunities to HR function as the need for a more strategic and business-linked is evident. This emanates from the fact that corporations are experiencing dramatic changes that manifest significant implications based on how critical human resources are to their performance. Several studies have explored the capability for the HR function to be a strategic partner and established that it possesses a critical value-adding function. HR function should become strategically proactive and goes beyond mere administrative expertise. HR function should be an expert in strategic business partnering, employee advocacy, and change management (Robinson and Robinson 2008, p.203). A well structured strategic business partner role combined with an effective delivery of operational HR functions can aid in transforming of the HR function. Human Resource as a discipline has manifested considerable changes within the last two decades with phrases such as â€Å"business partner† becoming common. Given the present turbulent nature of the business world and the resultant demands on human capital, the strategic business partner role can deliver value to organizations (Caldwell 2001, p.39). The establishment of strategic business role emanates from a combination of possessing skills and knowledge within the arena of Human Resources, organization development, and partnership. Nevertheless, once the competence profile is established, it is also critical to comprehend the usual tensions as the organization moves from their present HR state to the utilization of a strategic business model (Price 2007, p.55). The strategic business partner (SBP) concept should be structured around availing human capital

Needle stick injuries Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Needle stick injuries - Research Paper Example These injuries pose a risk for development of various infectious diseases to the injured threatening their employment, health morbidity and mortality. More than 20 different pathogens have been identified to be transmitted through exposure to body fluids or sharps injury. Injuries by sharps and splashes of body fluids are the main routes of transmission for occupational acquisition of blood-borne pathogens among health care workers (Bi et al, 2008). Despite these injuries being common, they are often under reported and in many places, both health care and non-health care workers are unaware of safety methods to prevent these infections. Globally, needle stick injuries are the most common cause of blood-borne infections among health care workers (Wilburn and Eijekamans, 2004). More than 35 million people worldwide constitute health care work force and they represent 12 percent of the working population in the world (Wilburn and Eijekamans, 2004). It is estimated that people working wi th them as non-health workers are even more in numbers (NHS, 2008). ... In this essay, various concerns pertaining to needle stick injuries will be discussed along with current and best practices and strategies to change. Needle stick injuries: causes, risks and concerns According to the Health Protection Agency report (2008), the most common type of exposure that has been reported among health care workers is the percutaneous injury which accounts for 45 percent of exposures. These exposures contributed to significant seroconversion for HCV, HIV and other diseases. The HIV seroconversion rates reported were high, 0.8 percent. In the NHS, needle stick injury continues to be the most commonly reported adverse incident among healthcare workers, which are a potential source for transmission of various diseases like Hepatitis B and C and human immunodeficiency virus. These injuries are also a potential source of transmission of prion-related diseases. The risk of transmission of hepatitis C with needle stick injuries is 3 percent, for hepatitis B is 30 perce nt and for HIV is 0.3 percent (Elmiyeh et al, 2004). The transmission from the patient to the healthcare worker through the injury depends on the viral load of the patient and also on the amount of blood that passes from the patient to the healthcare worker. Other infections which are transmissible through needle stick injuries are malaria, syphilis and herpes (Wilburn and Eijekamans, 2004). Needle stick injuries: current practices There is uncertain information about the prevalence of the diseases among hospital population and health care workers and non-health workers (Elmiyeh et al, 2004). According to a study by Elmiyeh et al (2004), 38 percent of health care workers had atleast one needle